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Expectation versus Variation: Students’ Decision Making in a Chance Environment

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Abstract

This study explores school students’ understanding of variation within a probabilistic setting involving spinners. Sixty-six students in Grades 3 to 9 answered survey questions involving a single 50/50 spinner and then were interviewed using a protocol involving compound events with different types of spinners (50/50 and 25/75). Of interest in interviews were students’ initial responses and changes in response and reasoning that occurred after experimentation with the spinners. Because there was the possibility of variation occurring in the experiments that could be considered contrary to expectation, responses following experimentation were analysed based on their appropriateness in terms of the observed experimental outcome. Data were used to determine a developmental progression among the students in the study and data from survey responses were considered in relation to the interview data. Differences were found between primary and secondary students. The outcomes of the study lead to suggestions for the classroom and for future research in relation to expectation and variation in probabilistic settings.

Résumé

La variation est généralement perçue comme une composante essentielle de la compréhension dans le domaine des statistiques. Cependant, les documents et le matériel qui figurent dans les curriculums traditionnels sont centrés principalement sur des questions de probabilité qui n’accordent guère de place à l’expression de la variation. Dans l’introduction de cet article, nous insistons donc sur la nécessité de poursuivre les recherches dans ce domaine et nous présentons une analyse détaillée des études réalisées à ce jour sur la compréhension du concept de variation chez les étudiants des écoles primaires et secondaires. Dans l’ensemble, l’objectif principal est celui d’explorer la question de la variation dans le but de mieux comprendre pourquoi les étudiants répondent généralement par des estimations ponctuelles, et ignorent l’existence de la variation, lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à un problème de probabilités de type traditionnel. Un éventail de niveaux scolaires a été considéré dans le cadre de cette étude, et nous avons observé un modèle général de développement des réponses des étudiants de tous les niveaux en relation avec les explications qu’ils proposaient de la variation comparativement aux attentes théoriques. La recherche se concentre sur la façon dont les élèves analysent et appliquent la notion de variation à l’intérieur d’un contexte de probabilités où la procédure d’enquête et d’entrevues prévoit l’utilisation de tourniquets.

Les questions proposées dans la recherche analysent les critères de compréhension d’un simple tourniquet à deux possibilités (50/50) et passe ensuite à des problèmes plus complexes portant sur des événements composés qui impliquent l’utilisation de différents types de tourniquets (50/50 et 25/75). Les questions plus spécifiques sont surtout centrées d’une part sur les différences dans la distribution des réponses en fonction du niveau scolaire pour ce qui est de toutes les tâches présentées, et d’autre part sur les explications fournies lorsque les résultats des expériences ne concordent pas avec les prévisions de départ. Plus précisément, l’article analyse les différentes façons dont 66 élèves de la troisième à la neuvième année scolaire tentent d’expliquer les différences dans les résultats d’expériences par rapport aux attentes, afin de déterminer s’ils se servent de leurs connaissances théoriques dans le domaine des probabilités, de la notion de variation ou encore de ces deux aspects combinés. Les résultats de chacune des tâches sont analysés séparément et ensuite mis en relation entre eux dans le but de déterminer le niveau de développement de chacun des participants. Nous avons pris en considération les exemples qualitatifs, les différences de niveau scolaire et les différences dues au niveau de développement. Des differences d’ordre général caractérisent les niveaux primaire et secondaire. Le commentaire et la conclusion de l’article sont surtout centrés sur les implications de cette recherche aussi bien pour l’enseignement que pour d’éventuelles recherches ultérieures. Nous signalons également certaines limites de l’étude. De plus, certains problèmes soulevés par Green (1993) quant au niveau de compréhension de la variation chez les étudiants, font l’objet d’une analyse à la lumière des résultats obtenus dans cette recherche et d’autres qui l’ont précédée.

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Watson, J.M., Kelly, B.A. Expectation versus Variation: Students’ Decision Making in a Chance Environment. Can J Sci Math Techn 4, 371–396 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150409556620

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